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No, though abuse is thought to cause some long-term problems. Basically, we don't know.

It helps develop muscle growth by allowing you to train for longer. It's effectively the fuel your muscles use to move in its raw form - none of this food nonsence! It's present in meat, but not in the quantities athletes and bodybuilders use. It's not a steroid however, and isn't illegal or banned.

The research might well be valid, though without having been published, and therefore placed in a position to be refuted, it's not worthy of concideration at a trial. Besides, even if it's not unnatural for a person to have a high reading, why would a whole team have it?

An automatic 2 year ban for failing a drugs ban is the only one I'm aware of, but AFAIK they're generally much stricter than FIFA's. I bet Davids, Stam, De Boer, et al (sorry for picking on the Dutch here) are glad that they weren't in place a few years ago.

A lot of them do, several of the American sports organisations being obvious exceptions. That said, it doesn't make them clean. Running and swimming for example are absolutely full of drugs, Wada or no Wada. And yes, there was a threat that football wouldn't be a part of the next Olympics if...